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Etymology data from Wiktionary via Wiktextract (CC BY-SA 4.0). Chinese character data from the 說文解字, the Taiwan MOE 國語辭典簡編本 (CC BY-ND 3.0 TW) and HSK/TOCFL lists.

Explanations are written by a local model (gemma4) and only published after a verification pass against the cited sources. How it works.

English

and

/ˈænd/
Used simply to connect two noun phrases, adjectives or adverbs.

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    • borrowed
    • derived
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    • meaning component
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    Origin

    Etymology 1

    Inherited from Middle English and, an, from Old English and, ond, end, from Proto-West Germanic *andi, from Proto-Germanic *andi, *anþi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Cognate with Scots an (“and”), North Frisian än (“and”), Saterland Frisian un (“and”), West Frisian en (“and”), Dutch en, ende (“and”), German und (“and”), German Low German on, un (“and”), Luxembourgish an (“and”), Vilamovian an, ana (“and”), Yiddish און (un), אונ (un), אונד (und), אונ׳ (un', “and”), Danish end (“still; ever; even”), Faroese enn (“still, yet”), Icelandic en (“and”), enn (“still, yet”), Norwegian Bokmål enn (“and”), Norwegian Nynorsk en, enn (“and”), Swedish än (“still, yet”), Albanian edhe (“and”) (dialectal ênde, ênne), ende (“still, yet, therefore”), Latin ante (“opposite, in front of”), Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí, “opposite, facing”). Doublet of an ("if").

    Etymology 2

    Inherited from Middle English ande, from Old English anda (“grudge, enmity, malice, envy, hatred, anger, zeal, annoyance, vexation; zeal; injury, mischief; fear, horror”) and Old Norse andi (“breath, wind, spirit”); both from Proto-Germanic *anadô (“breath, anger, zeal”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe, blow”).

    Cognate with German Ahnd, And (“woe, grief”), Danish ånde (“breath”), Swedish anda, ande (“spirit, breath, wind, ingenuity, intellect”), Icelandic andi (“spirit”), Albanian ëndë (“pleasure, delight”), Latin animus (“spirit, soul”). Related to onde.

    Etymology 3

    Inherited from Middle English anden, from Old English andian (“to be envious or jealous, envy”) and Old Norse anda (“to breathe”); both from Proto-Germanic *anadōną (“to breathe, sputter”). Cognate with German ahnden (“to avenge, punish”), Danish ånde (“to breathe”), Swedish andas (“to breathe”), Icelandic anda (“to breathe”). See above.

    From Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Lineage

    • inheritedMiddle Englishand
      • inheritedOld Englishand
        • inheritedProto-Germanic*andi
          • inheritedProto-Indo-European*h₂énti “facing opposite, near, in front of, before”
            • partProto-Indo-European*h₂énts
              • partProto-Indo-European*h₂ent- “face, forehead; front”
              • partProto-Indo-European*-s
            • partProto-Indo-European*-i
    • rootProto-Indo-European*h₂en- “on, onto”
    • inheritedMiddle Englishande
      • inheritedOld Englishanda “grudge, enmity, malice, envy, hatred, anger, zeal, annoyance, vexation; zeal; injury, mischief; fea…”
        • derivedOld Norseandi “breath, wind, spirit”
          • derivedProto-Germanic*anadô “breath, anger, zeal”
            • derivedProto-Indo-European*h₂enh₁- “to breathe, blow”
    • inheritedMiddle Englishanden
      • inheritedOld Englishandian “to be envious or jealous, envy”
        • derivedOld Norseanda “to breathe”
          • derivedProto-Germanic*anadōną “to breathe, sputter”

    Related: English an (doublet), Scots an, North Frisian än, Saterland Frisian un, West Frisian en, Dutch en, German und, German Low German on, Luxembourgish an, Vilamovian an, Yiddish און, Danish end, Faroese enn, Icelandic en, Norwegian Bokmål enn, Norwegian Nynorsk en, Swedish än, Albanian edhe, Latin ante, Ancient Greek ᾰ̓ντῐ́, German Ahnd, And, Danish ånde, Swedish anda, ande, Icelandic andi

    Words built on it: by and by

    Meanings

    conj
    1. Used simply to connect two noun phrases, adjectives or adverbs.
    2. Simply connecting two clauses or sentences.
    3. Introducing a clause or sentence which follows on in time or consequence from the first.
    4. Yet; but.
    5. Used to connect certain numbers: connecting units when they precede tens (now dated); connecting shillings to pence in a monetary quantity (now historical); connecting tens and units to hundreds, thousands etc. (now often omitted in US); to connect fractions to wholes.
    6. Used to connect more than two elements together in a chain, sometimes to stress the number of elements.
    noun
    1. In rhythm, the second half of a divided beat.
    verb
    1. To breathe; whisper; devise; imagine.

    Sources

    • Wiktionary (via Wiktextract / kaikki.org) — CC BY-SA 4.0
    • Wiktionary: and