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Etymology data from Wiktionary via Wiktextract (CC BY-SA 4.0). Chinese character data from the 說文解字, the Taiwan MOE 國語辭典簡編本 (CC BY-ND 3.0 TW) and HSK/TOCFL lists.

Explanations are written by a local model (gemma4) and only published after a verification pass against the cited sources. How it works.

English

full

/fʊl/
Containing the maximum possible amount that can fit in the space available.

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    Origin

    Etymology 1

    From Middle English ful, from Old English full (“full”), from Proto-West Germanic *full, from Proto-Germanic *fullaz (“full”), from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós (“full”).

    Germanic cognates include West Frisian fol, Low German vull, Dutch vol, German voll, Danish fuld, Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk, and Swedish full. Proto-Indo-European cognates include English plenty (via Latin, compare plēnus), Welsh llawn, Russian по́лный (pólnyj), Lithuanian pilnas, Persian پر (por), Sanskrit पूर्ण (pūrṇá).

    See also fele and Scots fou (whence the English doublet fou (“drunk”)). For the "drunk, intoxicated" sense, compare also Swedish full and other Scandinavian languages.

    Etymology 2

    From Middle English fulle, fylle, fille, from Old English fyllu, fyllo (“fullness, fill, plenty”), from Proto-Germanic *fullį̄, *fulnō (“fullness, filling, overflow”), from Proto-Indo-European *plūno-, *plno- (“full”), from *pelh₁-, *pleh₁- (“to fill; full”). Cognate with German Fülle (“fullness, fill”), Icelandic fylli (“fulness, fill”). More at fill.

    Etymology 3

    From Middle English fullen, fulwen (“to baptise”), from Old English fullian, fulwian (“to baptise”), from full- + *wīhan (later *wēon (“to make holy”)). Compare Old English fulluht, fulwiht (“baptism”).

    Etymology 4

    From Middle English fullen (“to full”), from Anglo-Norman fuller, fuler, Middle French foller, fouler, from Old French foler, fouler (“to tread, stamp, full”), from Medieval Latin fullāre, from Latin fullō (“a fuller”). Compare Old English fullian (“to full”).

    From Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Lineage

    • rootProto-Indo-European*pleh₁- “to fill”
    • inheritedMiddle Englishful
      • inheritedOld Englishfull “full”
        • inheritedProto-West Germanic*full
          • inheritedProto-Germanic*fullaz “full”
            • inheritedProto-Indo-European*pl̥h₁nós “full”
              • partProto-Indo-European*-nós
            • derivedProto-Indo-European*pl̥h₁nós “full”
    • inheritedMiddle Englishfulle
      • inheritedOld Englishfyllu
        • inheritedProto-Germanic*fullį̄ “fullness”
          • derivedProto-Indo-European*plūno-
    • inheritedMiddle Englishfullen “to full”
      • inheritedOld Englishfullian “to full”
      • derivedAnglo-Normanfuller
        • derivedMiddle Frenchfoller
          • derivedOld Frenchfoler
            • derivedMedieval Latinfullo
              • derivedLatinfullō “a fuller”
                • derivedProto-Indo-European*bʰleh₃- “to thrive, bloom”

    Related: English plenty, English fou (doublet), West Frisian fol, Low German vull, Dutch vol, German voll, Danish fuld, nb,nn,sv full, Welsh llawn, Russian по́лный, Lithuanian pilnas, Persian پر, Sanskrit पूर्ण, German Fülle, Icelandic fylli, Old English fullian

    Words built on it: full well, full-time, full-looking

    Meanings

    adj
    1. Containing the maximum possible amount that can fit in the space available.
    2. Complete; with nothing omitted.
    3. Surjective as a map of morphisms
    4. Including all morphisms. Formally: Such that for every pairs of objects (X, Y) in S, the hom-sets operatorname Hom_S(X,Y) and operatorname Hom_C(X,Y) are equal.
    5. Total, entire.
    6. Completely empowered, authorized or qualified (in some role); not limited.
    adv
    1. Fully; quite; very; thoroughly; completely; exactly; entirely.
    noun
    1. Utmost measure or extent; highest state or degree; the state, position, or moment of fullness; fill.
    2. The phase of the moon when its entire face is illuminated, full moon.
    3. A flip involving a complete turn in midair.
    4. An aerialist maneuver consisting of a backflip in conjunction and simultaneous with a complete twist.
    verb
    1. To become full or wholly illuminated.

    Sources

    • Wiktionary (via Wiktextract / kaikki.org) — CC BY-SA 4.0
    • Wiktionary: full