English

had

/hæd/
Used to form the past perfect tense, expressing an action that took place prior to a reference point that is itself in the past.

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    Origin

    From Middle English hadde (preterite), yhad (past participle), from Old English hæfde (first and third person singular preterite), ġehæfd (past participle), from Proto-Germanic *habdaz, past and past participle stem of *habjaną (“to have”), equivalent to have + -ed. Cognate with Dutch had, German hatte, Swedish hade, Icelandic hafði.

    From Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Lineage

    • inheritedMiddle Englishhadde
      • inheritedOld Englishhæfde
        • inheritedProto-Germanic*habdaz
    • surface analysisEnglishhave “To possess, own.”
    • suffixEnglish-ed “Used to form past tenses of (regular) verbs. In linguistics, it is used for the base form of any pa…”
      • inheritedMiddle English-ed
        • inheritedOld English-ed
        • derivedLatincōnfūsus
        • inheritedOld English-od
      • inheritedMiddle English-ede
        • inheritedOld English-ode

    Related: Dutch had, German hatte, Swedish hade, Icelandic hafði

    Sources