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Etymology data from Wiktionary via Wiktextract (CC BY-SA 4.0). Chinese character data from the 說文解字, the Taiwan MOE 國語辭典簡編本 (CC BY-ND 3.0 TW) and HSK/TOCFL lists.

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English

hard

/hɑːd/
Solid and firm.

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    • derived
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    Origin

    Etymology 1

    From Middle English hard, from Old English heard, from Proto-West Germanic *hard(ī), from Proto-Germanic *harduz, from Proto-Indo-European *kort-ús, from *kret- (“strong, powerful”).

    Cognates

    Cognate with Yola hard (“hard”), West Frisian hurd (“hard”), Alemannic German hert (“hard”), Bavarian hoat (“hard”), Central Franconian haat (“hard”), Dutch hard (“hard”), German hart (“hard”), Luxembourgish haart (“hard”), Danish and Swedish hård (“hard”), Faroese and Icelandic harður (“hard”), Norwegian Bokmål hard (“hard”), Norwegian Nynorsk hard, hard’u (“hard”), Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 (hardus, “hard”), Ancient Greek κρατύς (kratús, “strong, mighty”), Sanskrit क्रतु (krátu, “power, might, ability”), Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎 (xratu).

    Etymology 2

    From Middle English harden, herden, from Old English heardian (“to become hard”) and hierdan (“to make hard”), from Proto-West Germanic *hardēn and *hardijan, from Proto-Germanic *hardijaną.

    Cognates

    Cognate with Dutch harden (“to harden”), German härten (“to harden”), Danish hærde (“to harden; to temper”), Icelandic herða (“to harden”), Norwegian Bokmål herde (“to harden; to toughen”), Norwegian Nynorsk herda (“to make hard, temper; harden”), Swedish härda (“harden, temper”), Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gahardjan), *𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (*hardjan, “to harden”).

    From Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Lineage

    • inheritedMiddle Englishhard “hard”
      • inheritedOld Englishheard
        • inheritedProto-West Germanic*hard(ī) “hard, brave”
          • partProto-Germanic*harduz “hard; brave”
            • derivedProto-Indo-European*kret- “to move quickly; to rattle; to shake”
          • partProto-West Germanic*-ī
            • inheritedProto-Germanic*-jaz

    Related: Yola hard, West Frisian hurd, Alemannic German hert, Bavarian hoat, Central Franconian haat, Dutch hard, German hart, Luxembourgish haart, da,sv hård, fo,is harður, Norwegian Bokmål hard, Norwegian Nynorsk hard, Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃, Ancient Greek κρατύς, Sanskrit क्रतु, Avestan 𐬑𐬭𐬀𐬙𐬎, Dutch harden, German härten, Danish hærde, Icelandic herða, Norwegian Bokmål herde, Norwegian Nynorsk herda, Swedish härda, Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽

    Words built on it: the

    Meanings

    adj
    1. Solid and firm.
    2. Resistant to pressure; difficult to break, cut, or penetrate.
    3. Strong.
    4. Containing alcohol.
    5. Very acidic or tannic.
    6. High in dissolved chemical salts, especially those of calcium.
    adv
    1. With much force or effort.
    2. With difficulty.
    3. So as to raise difficulties.
    4. Compactly.
    5. Near, close.
    noun
    1. A firm or paved beach or slope convenient for hauling vessels out of the water.
    2. A tyre whose compound is softer than superhards, and harder than mediums.
    3. Crack cocaine.
    4. Hard labor.
    verb
    1. To make hard, harden.

    Sources

    • Wiktionary (via Wiktextract / kaikki.org) — CC BY-SA 4.0
    • Wiktionary: hard