源etymfun
About

Etymology data from Wiktionary via Wiktextract (CC BY-SA 4.0). Chinese character data from the 說文解字, the Taiwan MOE 國語辭典簡編本 (CC BY-ND 3.0 TW) and HSK/TOCFL lists.

Explanations are written by a local model (gemma4) and only published after a verification pass against the cited sources. How it works.

English

run

/ɹʌn/
To move forward quickly upon two feet by alternately making a short jump off either foot.

    Etymology graph

    • inherited
    • borrowed
    • derived
    • parts
    • meaning component
    • sound component
    • related
    React Flow
    Press enter or space to select a node. You can then use the arrow keys to move the node around. Press delete to remove it and escape to cancel.
    Press enter or space to select an edge. You can then press delete to remove it or escape to cancel.

    Click a node to zoom in · double-click to open it

    Origin

    From Middle English runnen, rennen (“to run”), alteration (due to the past participle runne, runnen,

    yronne) of Middle English rinnen (“to run”), from Old English rinnan, iernan (“to run”) and Old Norse rinna (“to run”), both from Proto-Germanic *rinnaną (“to run”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH- (“to boil, churn”).

    Cognate with Scots rin (“to run”), West Frisian rinne (“to walk, march”), archaic Dutch rinnen (“to flow”, still in geronnen), German rinnen (“to flow”), Swedish rinna (“to flow”), and Icelandic renna (“to flow”). From the causative Proto-Germanic *rannijaną (“to make run”) are Dutch rennen, German rennen, Danish rende, Swedish ränna (all “to run”). Non-Germanic cognates include Albanian rend (“to run, run after”), Persian راندن (rândan, “to move, set in motion”). See also random.

    From Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Lineage

    • rootProto-Indo-European*h₃er- “to move, stir”
    • inheritedMiddle Englishrunnen
      • inheritedOld Englishrinnan “to run”
        • derivedOld Norserinna “to run”
          • inheritedProto-Germanic*rinnaną “to run”
            • derivedProto-Indo-European*h₃reyH- “to move”
      • derivedProto-Germanic*rannijaną “to make run”

    Related: Middle English rinnen, Scots rin, West Frisian rinne, Dutch rinnen, German rinnen, Swedish rinna, Icelandic renna, Dutch rennen, German rennen, Danish rende, Swedish ränna, Albanian rend, Persian راندن

    Words built on it: 跑, run time, state-run

    Meanings

    verb
    1. To move forward quickly upon two feet by alternately making a short jump off either foot.
    2. To go at a fast pace; to move quickly.
    3. To cover (a course or a distance) by running.
    4. To complete a running course or event in (a given time).
    5. To move briskly or smoothly with a motion of sliding, rolling, sweeping etc.
    6. To cause to move quickly or lightly.
    noun
    1. Act or instance of running, of moving rapidly using the feet.
    2. Act or instance of hurrying (to or from a place) (not necessarily on foot); dash or errand, trip.
    3. A pleasure trip.
    4. Flight, instance or period of fleeing.
    5. Migration of fish.
    6. A group of fish that migrate, or ascend a river for the purpose of spawning.
    adj
    1. In a liquid state; melted or molten.
    2. Cast in a mould.
    3. Exhausted; depleted (especially with "down" or "out").
    4. Travelled, migrated; having made a migration or a spawning run.
    5. Smuggled.

    Sources

    • Wiktionary (via Wiktextract / kaikki.org) — CC BY-SA 4.0
    • Wiktionary: run