源etymfun
About

Etymology data from Wiktionary via Wiktextract (CC BY-SA 4.0). Chinese character data from the 說文解字, the Taiwan MOE 國語辭典簡編本 (CC BY-ND 3.0 TW) and HSK/TOCFL lists.

Explanations are written by a local model (gemma4) and only published after a verification pass against the cited sources. How it works.

English

summer

/ˈsʌmə/
One of four seasons, traditionally the second, marked by the longest and typically hottest days of the year due to the inclination of the Earth and thermal lag. Typically regarded as spanning either the period between the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox, or the months of June, July, and August in the Northern Hemisphere and the months of December, January and February in the Southern Hemisphere.

    Etymology graph

    • inherited
    • borrowed
    • derived
    • parts
    • meaning component
    • sound component
    • related
    React Flow
    Press enter or space to select a node. You can then use the arrow keys to move the node around. Press delete to remove it and escape to cancel.
    Press enter or space to select an edge. You can then press delete to remove it or escape to cancel.

    Click a node to zoom in · double-click to open it

    Origin

    Etymology 1

    From Middle English somer, sumer, from Old English sumor m, from Proto-West Germanic *sumar m, from Proto-Germanic *sumaraz m, derived from Proto-Indo-European *semh₂- (“summer”).

    Cognates

    Cognate with Scots somer, sumer, simer, West Frisian simmer, Saterland Frisian Suumer, Dutch zomer, Low German Sommer, German Sommer, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål sommer, Swedish sommar, Norwegian Nynorsk and Icelandic sumar; Welsh haf, Armenian ամ (am, “year”), ամառ (amaṙ, “summer”), Sanskrit समा (sámā, “a half-year, season, weather, year”), Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨 (ham-), Middle Persian ḥʾmyn (hāmīn), Northern Kurdish havîn, Central Kurdish ھاوین (hawîn).

    Etymology 2

    From Middle English somer, from Anglo-Norman summer, sumer, from Vulgar Latin saumārius, for Late Latin sagmārius, from Latin sagma (“sum”). Compare sumpter.

    Etymology 3

    From sum + -er.

    From Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0.

    Lineage

    • inheritedMiddle Englishsomer “summer”
      • inheritedOld Englishsumor “summer”
        • inheritedProto-West Germanic*sumar
    • partEnglish-er “A person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb; used to form an agent noun.”
      • inheritedMiddle English-ere
        • inheritedOld English-ere
        • inheritedOld English-ra
      • inheritedMiddle English-er
        • inheritedOld English-or
        • inheritedOld English-er
      • derivedEnglishthe “...because it has already been mentioned, is to be completely specified in the same sentence, or ve…”
        • derivedEnglish7th
        • derivedEnglishSweden “A country in Scandinavia in Northern Europe. Official name: Kingdom of Sweden. Capital: Stockholm.”
        • derivedEnglishJohn “A male given name originating from the Bible [in turn from Hebrew]; very popular since the Middle A…”
        • derivedEnglishEisen “A surname from German.”
        • derivedEnglishMilonakis—himself
        • derivedEnglishmull “To work (over) mentally; to cogitate; to ruminate.”
        • derivedEnglishNîmes “A city, the capital of Gard department, Occitania, southern France, formerly in the region of Langu…”
        • derivedEnglishon “In the state of being active, functioning or operating.”
        • derivedEnglishpassio “suffering”
        • derivedEnglishmarine “Belonging to or characteristic of the sea; existing or found in the sea; formed or produced by the …”
        • derivedEnglishninny “A silly or foolish person.”
        • derivedEnglishlack “A deficiency or need (of something desirable or necessary); an absence, want, dearth.”
        • derivedEnglishtalking “The action of the verb talk.”
        • derivedEnglisha “The first letter of the English alphabet, written in the Latin script.”
        • derivedEnglishPlacerville “A city, the county seat of El Dorado County, California, United States.”
        • derivedEnglishinside “The interior or inner part.”
        • derived (possibly)Englishwhich “What, of those mentioned or implied.”
        • derivedEnglishacetylierte
        • derivedEnglishBlau “A surname from German.”
        • derivedEnglishan “Used before a vowel sound.”
        • derivedEnglishFahr “A surname from German.”
        • derived (possibly)EnglishMatthew “A male given name from Hebrew of biblical origin.”
        • derivedEnglishBMC
        • derivedLatin-plus “-ple”
        • derivedEnglishming “To mix, blend, mingle.”
        • derivedEnglishRuaghagain
        • derivedEnglishhome “One’s own dwelling place; the house or structure in which one lives; especially the house in which …”
        • derivedEnglishkind “A type, race or category; a group of entities that have common characteristics such that they may b…”
        • derivedEnglishits “Belonging to it.”
        • derivedEnglishfirst “Preceding all others of a series or kind; the ordinal of one; earliest.”
        • derivedEnglish1940
        • derivedProto-Germanic*landą “land”
        • derivedEnglishKohl “A surname from German.”
        • derivedEnglishMöhn
        • derivedEnglishÓ “descendant”
        • derivedEnglishsmelting “The process of melting or fusion, especially to extract a metal from its ore.”
        • borrowedEnglishJapanese “Of, relating to, derived from, or characteristic of Japan, its people, language, or culture.”
        • derivedEnglishDurst “A surname.”
        • partEnglish新 “new”
        • derivedEnglishcarrying “Transportation.”
        • derivedEnglishgunfire “Shots from a gun or guns, typically creating loud report.”
        • derivedEnglishseemingly “As it appears; apparently.”
        • derivedEnglishBusch “A surname.”
        • derivedEnglishboth “Each of the two; one and the other; referring to two individuals or items.”
        • derivedEnglishNeapolitan “Of, from or relating to the city of Naples, capital and largest city of Campania, Italy, or the sur…”
        • derivedEnglishNARG “not a real gentleman”
        • derivedEnglishThe
        • derivedEnglish1993
        • derivedEnglishsyllaba “syllable”
        • derivedEnglishδαμάω “to tame”
        • derivedEnglishtits “Used to express dismay or annoyance.”
        • derivedEnglishthis “The (thing) here (used in indicating something or someone nearby).”
        • derivedEnglishany “To even the slightest extent; at all.”
        • derivedEnglishking “A male monarch; a man who heads a monarchy; in an absolute monarchy, the supreme ruler of his natio…”
        • derivedEnglishpissed “Drunk.”
        • partEnglishin- “in, into, towards, within.”
        • derivedEnglishTerra “The Roman earth goddess, equivalent in the interpretatio graeca to Gaea.”
        • derivedEnglishstaged “Of an event, intentionally performed while being falsely contrived to appear authentic or coinciden…”
        • partEnglishwīg “war”
        • derivedEnglishScandinavian “Someone from Scandinavia.”
        • derivedEnglishHermann “A surname from German borrowed from German Hermann.”
        • derivedEnglish-splain “A suffix combined with a descriptive adjective or noun to create a verb meaning someone who fits th…”
        • derivedGermanPyridin “pyridine”
        • derived (possibly)Englishpound “A unit of weight in various measurement systems.”
        • derivedEnglishfalling
        • derivedEnglishone “The number represented by the Arabic numeral 1; the numerical value equal to that cardinal number.”
        • derivedEnglishHeu “hay”
        • derivedEnglishthere “In or at a place or location (stated, implied or otherwise indicated) that is perceived to be away …”
        • derivedEnglishCraig's
        • derived (possibly)Englishde- “reversal, undoing”
        • derivedEnglishhouseholds
        • derivedLatindolor “pain”
        • derivedEnglishLugau
        • derivedEnglishairports
        • derivedEnglishportable “Able to be carried or easily moved.”
        • derivedEnglishlux “In the International System of Units, the derived unit of illuminance or illumination; one lumen pe…”
        • derivedEnglishabove “Physically over; on top of; worn on top of, said of clothing.”
        • derivedEnglishbenzyl-methyl
        • partEnglishvitamin “Any of a specific group of organic compounds essential in small quantities for healthy human growth…”
        • derivedLatinaēneus “made of copper or bronze”
        • derivedEnglishἕρπω “I creep”
        • derivedEnglishother “See other (determiner) below.”
        • partEnglishsnow “The partly frozen, crystalline state of water that falls from the atmosphere as precipitation in fl…”
        • derivedEnglishcut “To perform an incision on, for example with a knife.”
        • derivedEnglishQueen “A title used before the personal name of a queen.”
        • derived (possibly)EnglishLeid
        • derived (possibly)Englishhamr
        • derivedEnglishever “Always, frequently, forever.”
        • derivedEnglishDante's
        • derivedEnglishtasting “A small amount of food or drink.”
        • derivedEnglishsċeaft “shaft”
        • derivedEnglishdry “Free from or lacking moisture.”
        • derivedEnglishSchleswig-Holstein “One of the component states of Germany according to the current administrative division of the nati…”
        • derivedEnglishwas “Used in phrases with existential there when the semantic subject is (usually third-person) plural.”
        • derivedEnglishYpres “A city in West Flanders, Belgium.”
        • derivedEnglishproduction “The act of producing, making or creating something.”
        • derivedEnglishthunderbird “A mythological bird, often associated with stormy weather, especially in various indigenous North A…”
        • derivedMalaysinga
        • derivedEnglish1945
        • derivedEnglishπεριστερά “pigeon”
        • derivedEnglishGreece “A country in Southeastern Europe. Official name: Hellenic Republic. Capital and largest city: Athen…”
        • derivedEnglishColumn
        • derivedEnglishwir “myrtle”
        • derivedEnglishMalecite-Passamaquoddy “The Algonquian language spoken by the Maliseet and Passamaquoddy peoples in New England and Canada.”
        • derivedEnglishyate “Any of several species of Eucalyptus.”
      • inheritedMiddle English-eren
      • inheritedMiddle English-re
      • borrowedMandarin兒

    Meanings

    noun
    1. One of four seasons, traditionally the second, marked by the longest and typically hottest days of the year due to the inclination of the Earth and thermal lag. Typically regarded as spanning either the period between the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox, or the months of June, July, and August in the Northern Hemisphere and the months of December, January and February in the Southern Hemisphere.
    2. year; used to give the age of a person, usually a young one.
    3. Most flourishing, happy, or beautiful period; golden age, prime.
    4. Someone with light, pinkish skin that has a blue undertone, light hair and eyes, seen as best suited to certain colors of clothing.
    verb
    1. To spend the summer, as in a particular place on holiday.

    Sources

    • Wiktionary (via Wiktextract / kaikki.org) — CC BY-SA 4.0
    • Wiktionary: summer